Forks

The Whisky No.9 RD thru-axle fork is designed from the ground up to offer a modern road fork experience. Big tire clearance, flat mount brake capability, and internal cable routing all add up to a clean look and capable performance. Featuring sleek hidden fender mounts, this fork carries through with Whisky’s promise of refined, versatile performance. - 1-1/4-inch Tapered steerer tube - 12mm thru-axle, 100mm spacing - Designed for flat mount disc brakes - Hidden, removable fender mounts - 700 x 30c max recommended tire size - Includes thru axle and Whisky Parts Co. compression plug

Made from revised 100% Cult Classic tubing for increased strength and then 100% post-weld heat treated. 1-pc machined steerer tube with an integrated bearing race, tapered legs, and plenty of tire clearance.

This is the Pike DJ. It's a cousin to the award-winning Pike, which makes it look a lot like a trail fork — until you ride it. Pike DJ is built on a stout 35mm chassis and includes a custom-tuned Charger damper and specific Solo Air system designed for more bottom-out progression than you'll ever need because your trails eventually require some landings. - New graphics package for a fresh, premium look - Proven Charger damper with specific Dirt Jumping/Slopestyle tune - Specific Solo Air top cap for extra bottom-out progression - Accepts Bottomless Tokens to easily custom-tune the air spring performance to best match your own riding style and suspension preference

Featuring 37mm stanchions and our Reverse Arch design the Mezzer Pro is the stiffest Enduro fork on the market… it’s also the lightest. How did we manage to accomplish this you ask? Well, it’s not hollow if that’s what you're wondering. In fact, this fork is loaded with technologies such as a fully sealed MC² damper, our proven Dorado air spring, and the life-changing IRT volume adjuster. What does all this mean? It means you no longer need to pick two, you can have the lightest, stiffest, and incredibly adjustable fork all at once. Key Features: - 37mm stanchions, Reverse Arch design, and Hexlock SL2 axle combined together result in ultimate stiffness - Originally developed for the Dorado down-hill fork, the Dorado Air Spring offers ultimate sensitivity featuring a self-equalizing negative air spring. When inflating the fork both the positive and negative air chambers are filled simultaneously equalizing the pressures to create an incredibly supple feel - IRT (Infinite Rate Tune) volume adjuster allows control over the mid-stroke support and bottom-out progressivity independent from the initial spring rate to independently tune small bump sensitivity and big-hit performance - Sealed MC² damper provides a range of blow-off thresholds to satisfy any requirement with separate high-speed and low-speed adjustments. Utilizing a bladder, our new sealed cartridge maintains damping consistency in the most severe riding conditions. •140mm to 180mm internally adjustable travel in 10mm increments (travel spacers included) •27.5” and 29” wheels •Integrated flexible fender can be installed/removed by three small screws threaded into the arch of the fork Product Details: - 37mm stanchions Reverse-Arch design and Hexlock SL2 axle for the ultimate stiffness - Fully adjustable IRT air spring to fine-tune ride feel - Sealed MC2 damper provides a range of blow-off thresholds to satisfy any requirement with separate high-speed and low-speed adjustments - 140mm to 180mm internally adjustable travel in 10mm increments (travel spacers included) - Integrated flexible fender can be installed/removed by three small screws threaded into the arch of the fork

Featuring 37mm stanchions and our Reverse Arch design the Mezzer Pro is the stiffest Enduro fork on the market… it’s also the lightest. How did we manage to accomplish this you ask? Well, it’s not hollow if that’s what you're wondering. In fact, this fork is loaded with technologies such as a fully sealed MC² damper, our proven Dorado air spring, and the life-changing IRT volume adjuster. What does all this mean? It means you no longer need to pick two, you can have the lightest, stiffest, and incredibly adjustable fork all at once. Key Features: - 37mm stanchions, Reverse Arch design, and Hexlock SL2 axle combined together result in ultimate stiffness - Originally developed for the Dorado down-hill fork, the Dorado Air Spring offers ultimate sensitivity featuring a self-equalizing negative air spring. When inflating the fork both the positive and negative air chambers are filled simultaneously equalizing the pressures to create an incredibly supple feel - IRT (Infinite Rate Tune) volume adjuster allows control over the mid-stroke support and bottom-out progressivity independent from the initial spring rate to independently tune small bump sensitivity and big-hit performance - Sealed MC² damper provides a range of blow-off thresholds to satisfy any requirement with separate high-speed and low-speed adjustments. Utilizing a bladder, our new sealed cartridge maintains damping consistency in the most severe riding conditions. - 140mm to 180mm internally adjustable travel in 10mm increments (travel spacers included) - 27.5” and 29” wheels - Integrated flexible fender can be installed/removed by three small screws threaded into the arch of the fork Product Details: - MC² bladder cartridge damper offers adjustable high-speed compression damping, low-speed compression damping - Expansion bladder with patent-pending blow-off valve compensates for oil displacement, with lower friction than a traditional internal floating piston - 37mm chassis with torsional stiffness up to 30% higher than similar forks from competitors - Dorado Air spring features an enlarged negative air chamber for linear initial stroke and reduced IRT volume for progressive end stroke - Internally adjustable travel from 180mm to 140mm

The Firestarter carbon fork is made from high-modulus carbon fiber, built for all-terrain riding. Three-Pack mounts on each leg give you room for water or Anything Cages, and mid-blade mounts accommodate racks for panniers. This fork is light, tough, and ultra-versatile with the capacity to fit a wide range of tire sizes. - High modulus carbon fiber construction - Tapered 1-1/8" to 1-1/2" steerer tube - 160mm minimum rotor size; 180mm maximum rotor size - Mid-blade mounts for low rider racks - Compatible with wheel sizes: 27.5+, 29", 29+, 700c - Dual sets of Three-Pack mounts on each fork leg for Anything Cages or water bottles - BOOST 110 x 15mm thru axle included - Front Axle Size: 15 x 135L, TP=1.5, TL=10 - Internal routing for 110 BOOST dynamo hubs

Cross-country purists… we see you. You’re why SID SL Ultimate is the lightest XC fork on the trail. But weight is meaningless without world-class performance and durability. SID SL features a new Charger Race Day 2 Damper with three-position (3P) compression damping—rigid Lock, plush Open, and efficient Pedal positions, on demand for every inch of the race course. FEATURES - Our lightest 32mm chassis ever. World Cup-proven performance, built for your next podium result. - Longer-travel 110mm option, in case you’re feeling extra. - Charger Race Day 2 damper is the lightest damper on the market. This 3P damper features three compression positions: Open, Pedal, or a rock-solid Lock. - Machined crown for lighter weight and greater strength. - Covetable “Blue Crush” signature colorway and Ultimate High Gloss Black, featuring the new lustrous Pearl White graphics package. - Maxima Plush Dynamic Suspension Lube reduces friction, lasts longer, and enhances suspension performance ride after ride. -DebonAir air spring is tuned specifically to meet the demands of XC and maintains a higher ride height for increased confidence and control.

The ZEB is built with a stout, 38mm chassis and features the updated DebonAir spring with the performance of the Charger R damper. SKF wiper seals and Maxima Plush fluid reduce friction, silence noise, and provide all-around lasting performance. - New, 38mm chassis for increased stiffness and rider confidence - Updated, highly tunable DebonAir spring offers a buttery-smooth feel off the top and maintains a higher ride height for increased confidence in steep terrain - New, price point Charger R cartridge damper featuring an easy-to-adjust damper with just rebound adjustment - Ultra-low friction SKF wiper seals provide long-lasting fork performance and improve overall suspension feel - Maxima Plush damping fluid reduces friction and silences damper noise

Yari shares the stiff, hard-hitting chassis as the Lyrik and combines it with the updated DebonAir air spring and proven Motion Control damper. The Yari fork is designed to inspire confidence for those hard-hitting enduro and E-MTB riders alike. - Updated highly tunable DebonAir air spring offers a buttery smooth feel off the top and maintains a higher ride height for increased confidence in steep terrain - New graphics package for a fresh, premium look - Motion Control damping featuring low-speed compression adjustment

One of the most successful and hard-working RockShox forks of all time capitalizes on the innovations born from SID. It features a chassis that combines classic XC performance with light trail duties, while a Motion Control damper completes the package, making Reba more capable than ever before. Features - New graphics package for a fresh, premium look - Highly tunable Solo Air spring - TwistLoc and OneLoc remote compatible

Premium performance at down-to-earth prices. Judy now includes all of the 30mm MTB and E-MTB forks, with axle and steerer options to match any spec. Gold level gives you aluminum upper tubes and Motion Control damping. Features - New graphics package with E-MTB endorsement option (15x110mm) - Motion Control damping featuring low-speed compression adjustment to lockout - Fits Tires up to 2.8" - Fast Black finished 30mm aluminum upper tubes couple stiffness and lightweight with a premium look - Highly tunable Solo Air spring

With vibration-muting carbon blades, and alloy steerer and crown, the Comp carbon/alloy cross and road fork is ideal for cyclocross pursuits or road riding. - Material: carbon blades / alloy steerer, crown, and dropouts - 1-1/8" straight steerer - Steerer length: 300mm - Axle-crown: 391mm - Rake/Offset: 48mm - Crown diameter: 45mm (1-1/8") - Spacing: 57mm - Minimum tire clearance: 6mm - Wheel compatibility: 700c - Fender mounts

With bigger bikes come bigger demands. The new Domain takes cues from ZEB, our enduro specialist fork with serious credentials. Domain offers a new burly 38mm chassis, short fender compatibility, and a confidence-inspiring DebonAir air spring matched with a reliable Motion Control RC damper. We even brought the performance of Maxima Plush damping fluid along for the ride. Nothing goes as big as Domain does in value and performance. - 38mm chassis for increased stiffness and rider confidence - Motion Control RC damper featuring low speed compression adjust with externally adjustable dual-flow rebound - Highly tunable DebonAir air spring offers a consistent feel throughout the travel - Maxima Plush damping fluid reduces friction and quiets damper noise - Short fender compatible. RockShox premium fender sold separately. AM Variants include RockShox zip-tie fender - Fits tires up to 2.8" without fenders—use of any fender may reduce tire clearance

Tom Ritchey was riding off-road decades before gravel riding was ever a "thing," and the new WCS Carbon Cross Gravel Fork is the manifestation of the experiences enjoyed on all of those dirty rides mixed with the legendary engineering for which Ritchey is famous. Built from life and ready for your drop bar off-road adventures, this full monocoque carbon fork delivers precision and confidence while offering stability and comfort along some of the more rugged terrain you'll encounter. With logical features—like enough room tires up to 40mm wide, the ability to run 12 or 15mm thru-axles, and ability to run flat-mount disc brakes—the Ritchey WCS Cross Gravel Fork is ideal for long-distance gravel events, your local cyclocross series, spontaneous weekend adventures, and everything in between. - Material: carbon fiber - 1-1/8" straight steerer with integrated 45-degree crown race - Fits 1-1/8 and 44mm headtubes with appropriate headsets - 100x12mm thru-axle (included) - Flat Mount disc brake - Disc brake rotor compatibility: 140 / 160mm - Steerer length: 300mm - Crown diameter: 47mm - Axle-Crown: 383mm - Rake/Offset: 47mm - Spacing: 53mm - Minimum tire clearance: 6mm - Wheel compatibility: 700c - Weight: 430g (with uncut steerer / not including axle)

Odyssey's 41-Thermal forks quickly established a reputation for strength and quality when originally introduced in 1999, and they have since gone on to change the standards that all forks are judged by. Features: - Fully redesigned - Laboratory tested and team proven - New, custom, seamless, tapered, butted and specially formed leg tube shaping for improved grind and guard clearance - All-new steerer tube design improves fatigue strength and includes a built-in, integrated, lower headset seat race - New, optimized, 4mm dropout shape for grind and peg clearance - Updated 7075-T6 pre-load bolt, US Pat. No. 7,591,474 - Proven 41-Thermal processed 4130 chromoly - Legendary lifetime replacement warranty Specs: - 25mm steep offset - 3/8-inch axle slots only - 990 brake mounts - Starting at 2lb 2oz (912 grams)

Our lugged and brazed Cross-Check fork has room for 700c x 45mm tires and fenders. It’s made from 4130 CroMoly steel and features fender eyelets at the dropouts, cantilever brake pivots, and now has through-leg mid-blade eyelets for mounting a rack. The eyelets are threaded 5 x 1mm and located 165mm up from the axle. Finish is powdercoat. - Axle-to-crown: 400mm - Offset: 44mm - Steerer: 300mm - Tire Clearance: 700c x 45mm - Weight: 2.3 lb (1.0kg) uncut

Classic 100% chromoly construction and engineered for modern accessories, that's Surly's Long Haul Trucker Disc Fork. Its beautiful curved blades are brazed to a lovely and tough investment-cast crown and dropouts. There are disc-brake mounts and eyelets for fenders and mounts for a standard or low-rider rack. Plus, it boasts a tough powdercoat finish that's tres chic. - 100% CroMoly steel construction, curved blades, powdercoated - Extensive mounting options with threaded eyelets in four locations: double eyelet dropouts, mid-blade, and a pair drilled into the fork crown - 51mm IS disc brake mount - 26" has clearance for a 2.1" tire

Classic 100% chromoly construction and engineered for modern accessories, that's Surly's Long Haul Trucker Disc Fork. Its beautiful curved blades are brazed to a lovely and tough investment-cast crown and dropouts. There are disc-brake mounts and eyelets for fenders and mounts for a standard or low-rider rack. Plus, it boasts a tough powdercoat finish that's tres chic. - 100% CroMoly steel construction, curved blades, powdercoated - Extensive mounting options with threaded eyelets in four locations: double eyelet dropouts, mid-blade, and a pair drilled into the fork crown - 51mm IS disc brake mount - 700c has clearance for a 45mm tire

Designed for Surly's Krampus frame, this fork has quick-release dropouts spaced at 100mm and clearance for a 3-inch tire on a 50mm rim. To accommodate such big tires it's got a longer axle-to-crown measurement than the Ogre or Karate Monkey forks, making it a perfect rigid fork option for lots of 29ers out there. The Krampus fork's blades were designed and manufactured specifically to play well with the unique forces such a long fork with big tires will encounter, and the steer tube is standard 1-1/8-inch threadless. It has line guides for a disc brake line as well as thru-blade eyelets and Three-Pack bosses on both fork legs. - Axle-to-crown: 483mm - Offset: 47mm - Steerer: 260mm - Tire Clearance: 29 x 3" - Weight: 1133g uncut

The all-new Bomber DJ is back in the mix with a whole new bag of tricks. Sharing the same 36mm chassis as its big brother, the Z1, the DJ comes in a dedicated 26" wheel configuration. Featuring a 20x110mm axle, the DJ is designed for maximum stiffness and offers seamless compatibility with existing DJ and DH front hub spacing standard. - Dedicated 26" wheel configuration delivers shortest possible crown height for flickable front end - Legendary Bomber durability with 36mm stanchions - Buttery and easy-to-use GRIP damper - Tapered steerer tube for maximum stiffness - Adapters available for 15 x 100mm axle - 1.5 Tapered steerer - Offset: 37mm

Featuring 37mm stanchions, home mechanic-approved travel adjustability from 180mm to 140mm, and our easy-to-use VTT-6P damper, the Mezzer Expert is the smart choice for anyone looking to dive into the Enduro Fork market. Should you later decide you would like more adjustability from your fork, factory upgrades such as IRT and MC2 are available and can be easily installed in your own garage. At 2030g this fork is the second lightest option available within the Enduro fork market, second only to the Mezzer Pro of course. - Expert Air offers ultimate sensitivity featuring a self-equalizing negative air spring. - IVA (Incremental Volume Adjuster) allows you to modify your positive air chamber volume by rearranging self-contained spacers. You'll never lose a volume spacer again. - Integrated fender can be installed/removed by three small screws threaded into the arch of the fork. - VTT-6P damper provides 6 clicks to tune damping for all types of terrain - 37mm stanchions, Reverse-Arch design, and Hexlock SL2 axle for the ultimate stiffness - TSR, Trail Side Relief valves on the back of the lower legs allow air to be bled off if it builds up within the lower legs to keep things butter smooth between service intervals - Internally adjustable travel from 180mm to 140mm in 10mm increments with included spacers - 2.6" maximum tire width

Coil Fans Rejoice! Once again, the Dorado is available with a coil option. The new Dorado Comp features the same 37mm chassis as the Expert but with a more set-it-and-forget-it vibe. The coil spring provides a smooth consistent feel 100% of the time with 0% of any hassle. On the damping side of things, our ABS+ Damper offers a great adjustment range, terrific reliability, and easy serviceability. The Dorado Comp is built for riders who just want to ride and not sweat any of the small stuff. Key Features: - New 37mm chassis results in a massive increase in stiffness and ride quality. The new chassis is 20% stiffer compared to our former 36mm version. - Inverted Design provides an incredibly smooth and consistent feel due to constant lubrication of the bushings and seals. The inverted design also provides a major increase in fore-aft stiffness compared to traditional forks while maintaining torsional compliance which provides more control to the rider over rough terrain. - Coil Spring provides maximum bump sensitivity and simple service procedures. The standard spring rate provided in the fork is a medium rate of 35lb/in. For tuning, there are six spring rates available for this fork; 25lb/in, 30lb/in, 35lb/in, 40lb/in, 45lb/in, and 50lb/in. - ABS+ damper is known for its incredible reliability and easy tunability. Adjustments include a low-speed compression adjustment and a low-speed rebound adjustment. - Fits both 29" and 27.5" wheels. Markings on the outer legs indicate the proper clamping point for the ideal axle-to-crown measurements depending on wheel size. The fork legs can be used with both wheel sizes. - Two Crown Options are available with this fork. The 47 offset is designed to work with 27.5" wheels and intended axle to crown. The 57 offset crown is designed for 29" wheels and axle to crown. For those looking to run the lower offset crown with 29" wheels please reference our fit document to see if your headtube length is compatible. - TSR Bleed Screws allow you to release excess pressures built up in the outer legs of your fork while riding keeping your fork smooth and supple all day long. Product Details: - 37mm 6000 Series Aluminum stanchions with aluminum legs - Externally adjustable low-speed compression spring preload and rebound - Includes removable bolt-on fender - 2.6 max tire width - 223mm max rotor diameter

Looking to go rigid? Then check out Salsa's 80mm suspension-corrected CroMoto Grande mountain bike fork. This chromoly beauty boasts ISO disc tabs for premium braking and it's 1-1/8" straight steerer lets you use it on older frames, or brand-spanking-new ones. It features Salsa's famous, forward-facing stainless steel fork ends and has room for tires up to 90mm wide. Plus, it comes with fender eyelets so you can stay clean even when it's sloppy out. - Salsa Classico CroMoly - Forward-facing, stainless steel dropouts - 1-1/8? threadless steerer (260mm) - 468mm axle-to-crown - 45mm rake - ISO disc tabs - Tire clearance = 90mm - Fender eyelets -1080g with full-length steerer tube

The Waxwing Deluxe fork is designed to thrive on gravel. Its carbon-fiber construction is lightweight and soaks up micro-impacts on rough roads. The 12 x 100mm thru-axle keeps Waxwing stiff for steady tracking and responsiveness when dodging ruts, potholes, and road debris really matters. Waxwing Deluxe is compatible with both 700c and 650B wheels so you run your preferred size. Three-Pack mounts, mid-blade low-rider rack mounts, fender mounts, and internal dynamo hub cable routing add form and function. The Waxwing Deluxe fork is standard equipment on the 2019–2020 Warbird, and is available in a version painted to match the Warbird frameset. - Thru-Axle included - Axle-to-Crown Length: 405mm - Brake Type: Disc, flat mount, 160mm maximum rotor size, 42mm bolt length - Color: Black - S.H.I.S. Crown Race: 40mm, 36°, integrated crown race - Fork Rake: 50mm - Front Axle Type: 12mm thru-axle - Front Axle Size: 12 x 120mm, TP = 1.5, TL= 12mm - Front Hub Spacing: 100mm - Material: High-modulus carbon fiber - S.H.I.S. Clamp Diameter: 28.6mm - Steerer Tube Length: 350mm - Steerer Type: 1-1/8" to 1-1/2" tapered - Weight: 520g - Max tire size: 700c x 45mm or 650B x 51mm

You love the accuracy, efficiency, and trail feedback that only a rigid mountain bike fork can provide. And, of course, you love carbon fiber. The Ritchey WCS Carbon Mountain Bike fork was made for you and your riding style. Our deep mountain biking heritage, decades of on-trail research, and mastery of modern materials come together to provide a fork that offers an unrivaled riding experience. The one-piece monocoque construction (WCS) of this fork also includes full carbon dropouts as well as non-removable, one-piece carbon disc brake tabs. This fork also features suspension-corrected axle-crown height, plus a Ritchey compression plug is included. - Material: carbon fiber - Quick release (not included) - Post Mount disc brake - Disc brake rotor compatibility: 160mm (max 180mm) - Steerer length: 300mm - Crown diameter: 50mm (straight 1-1/8”) – 61mm (tapered 1-1/2”) - Fork lenght: 459mm (27.5”) - 470mm (29”) - Rake/Offset: 42mm (27.5”) – 45mm (29”) - Spacing: 87mm - Minimum tire clearance: 6mm - Weight: 615g (with uncut steerer / not including axle)

The Whisky No.7 RD thru-axle fork is a thoroughly modern road fork for road bikes with tapered steerer tubes. It features a 12mm thru-axle for precise handling, clearance for high-volume road tires, and clean internal cable routing. Flat mount brake capability offers clean caliper fitment and backwards compatality with post mount brakes using adaptors. - 100 x 12mm thru-axle - 1-1/8 – 1.5" tapered steerer - 45mm offset

The No.9 CX Flat Mount fork is a light-weight, forward-compatible front-end upgrade, ideal for cyclocross, gravel, or commuting. Featuring the flat mount disc brake standard, easy fender mounts and 12mm thru-axle dropouts to create a refined, clean design that trims considerable weight over previous versions. The fork provides big tire clearance, precise handling and tracking capabilities, and a comfortable ride quality that Whisky forks are known for. - 12mm thru-axle, 100mm spacing - Designed for flat mount disc brakes - Hidden, removable fender mounts - 42mm max recommended tire size - ASTM Condition 2 - For off-road riding and jumps less than 12-inches - Includes thru-axle and Whisky Parts Co. compression plug

Designed not only for the race down but the also ride up. Holding onto every critical line, Lyrik Ultimate features an updated DebonAir air spring paired with our Charger 2.1 damper for unmatched trail control and precision. Ultra-low friction SKF wiper seals and Maxima Plush damping fluid all work overtime to reduce friction, silence noise, and provide unmatched fork performance sunup to sundown. - Updated highly tunable DebonAir air spring offers a buttery smooth feel off the top and maintains a higher ride height for increased confidence in steep terrain - Designed to reduce hand fatigue and fight unwanted friction, the Charger 2.1 damper increases confidence and control over every trail - Charger 2.1 RC2 damper featuring independent high and low-speed compression adjust - Ultra-low friction SKF wiper seals provide long-lasting fork performance and improve overall suspension feel - Maxima Plush damping fluid reduces friction and silences damper noise - Ultimate foil graphics package

FOX 38 Factory Series Suspension Fork is the long-travel enduro specialist. It redefines what you think a long travel single crown fork is capable of, and sets a new benchmark for confidence, performance, and durability. - The floating axle offers a distinct performance advantage due to its unique ability to match the exact width of the fork’s wheel mounting surface precisely to the front hub flange spacing, thus creating perfect chassis alignment and eliminating unwanted friction between the upper and lower fork legs - Floating axles provide much smoother suspension movement throughout the entire range of the fork’s travel, notably improving sensitivity and overall ride quality - The 38 Fork comes equipped with a quick-release lever operated patent-pending floating axle system, combining the benefit of a floating axle with the ease of a tool-free quick-release - Lower leg bypass channels alleviates air pressure by dramatically increasing air volume within the lower legs and thereby reducing the amount of additional unintended pressure ramping - Lower leg bleeders allow for atmospheric pressure equalization at the simple press of a button - The 38's lower leg arch design pulls out all the stops, shaving every possible gram while making sure not to compromise stiffness or strength requirements of modern enduro and gravity style riding - GRIP2 damper includes Fox's patented Variable Valve Control (VVC) technology which allows for external fine-tuning of suspension performance - FLOAT EVOL air spring technology increases negative air spring volume, optimizing small bump sensitivity - Direct mud guard mount - Genuine Kashima Coating on upper tubes - 27.5: 723mm peak tire diameter

Own the mountain with the award-winning 36 Factory, featuring high- and low-speed rebound adjuster, improved compression damping and reduced friction for unmatched performance and adjustability. - Genuine Kashima Coating on upper tubes - FIT damper and FLOAT EVOL air spring - Low friction seals for improved performance - Lower Leg Bleeders and Bypass Channels - Floating axles for perfect alignment - Updated Crown Design saves up to 20 grams, and offers significant structural improvements